In the timeless words of Sun Tzu in The Art of War: "If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles." Today, in the battle against fraud in business and government programs, entity resolution—combined with knowledge graphs and geospatial analytics—serves as that ultimate weapon, akin to Excalibur, the legendary magical sword that could cut through anything.
When it comes to fighting fraud, it cuts through layers of deception, revealing hidden connections between people, businesses, transactions, and locations that fraudsters purposefully endeavor to keep obscured. By mapping out entities and resolving disparate records across dispersed systems to the real individuals and organizations behind them, investigators gain the clarity to validate transactions, expose invalid transactions, and dismantle fraudulent networks.
Fraud in government programs and business operations thrives in the shadows of fragmented data: mismatched names, shell companies, fake addresses, synthetic identities, and manipulated locations. Without a unified view, billions of dollars are lost annually to schemes like improper benefit claims, procurement kickbacks, subsidy abuse, "paper mills," and phantom vendor payments.
Entity resolution bridges these gaps, linking records across databases—names and addresses, tax filings, business registries, transaction logs, social media, and public records—to create a "360-degree" profile of every entity involved.
Entity Superpower — Unmasking the True Actors
At its heart, entity resolution determines when multiple records refer to the same real-world person, business, or location, despite variations in spelling, abbreviations, typos, or deliberate obfuscation. Advanced algorithms and machine learning handle the noise: "John A. Smith LLC" might resolve to the same entity as "JAS Enterprises" owned by "Jon Smith," especially when tied to shared addresses, phone numbers, or transaction patterns.
When integrated into knowledge graphs, these resolved entities form connected networks of relationships—ownership links, family ties, shared board members, or transaction flows. Adding the basics of address geocoding and geospatial analytics overlays physical reality: mapping addresses, proximity of claimed locations, or clustering of suspicious activities in specific regions. This data fusion transforms isolated data points into a battlefield looking glass that maps where fraud patterns emerge clearly.
Consider a classic red flag in government-funded programs: more licensed or funded daycares than the number of children in an area could possibly require. Entity resolution uncovers this by resolving provider records to actual owners and cross-referencing enrollment claims against demographic data. Knowledge graphs reveal networks of colluding owners registering multiple entities at the same address or funneling funds through connected shell companies. Geospatial views highlight unnatural concentrations—clusters of daycares in low-population rural zones or urban blocks with improbable child-to-provider ratios—signaling potential ghost operations or subsidy farming.
So, as with childcare, insurance companies may apply entity resolution to chiropractors, MRI facilities, and clinics, but in addition now the named insured, agent, claimant, and adjuster meld in with medical providers, equipment, legal staff, vendors, and others in the graph across any line of business. As lines are combined and companies join forces, this process can literally map trillions of dollars of historical premiums and claims that could influence real-time payments.
The King's Sword Trumps All Use Cases
Drawing from innovative applications across business and government using knowledge graphs for fraud detection, the combination of entity resolution, knowledge graphs, and geospatial tools exposes fraud across diverse domains:
- Government Benefit and Subsidy Fraud: In childcare subsidies, housing assistance, unemployment benefits, or agricultural grants, resolved entities expose operators claiming impossibly high volumes. Geospatial analysis flags unnatural provider distributions relative to demographics, while knowledge graphs uncover collusive networks funneling funds through connected shells or using stolen identities for enrollment claims.
- Procurement and Contract Fraud: Vendors often conceal conflicts via layered ownership or bid-rigging. Entity resolution connects bidders to officials' associates or hidden entities; geospatial overlays reveal fictitious delivery sites or illogical routing; graphs detect circular payments or anomalous bidding patterns indicative of corruption.
- Fake Business and Identity Schemes: Fraud rings create phantom companies for loans, grants, tax credits, or PPP-style programs. Resolution merges digital and physical footprints—such as mismatched websites/IPs with abandoned addresses—while geospatial clustering pinpoints registration hotspots tied to broader scams.
- Money Laundering and Illicit Flows: In trade-based or benefit-related schemes, resolved entities link actors across jurisdictions. Knowledge graphs map multi-hop transaction chains; geospatial tools visualize fund movements against claimed origins, exposing laundering through high-risk locations or mismatched geographies.
- Insurance Claims Fraud: In property insurance schemes, fraudsters stage incidents like water damage during homeowners' vacations, directing repairs to complicit restoration providers. Entity resolution links claimants, properties, and service providers across cases, revealing common identities or ownership ties; knowledge graphs highlight recurring patterns in damage types, timing, and vendor involvement; geospatial analytics maps claim locations against provider clusters, unmasking organized rings exploiting insureds and property owners.
In auto insurance, staged accidents generate multiple unrelated passengers all seeking medical treatment from the same provider and being represented by the same lawyer even though they themselves may live far apart and curiously are frequently unable to be located.
The schemes for various lines of casualty and property in auto, home, workers' compensation, and commercial insurance all are well mapped by the NICB (National Insurance Crime Bureau). And new schemes are emerging all the time — especially with the backing of transnational criminal organizations, but also with just everyday people getting creative with generative AI.
En Garde — the Industry Keeps Its Hand on the Hilt
As fraud schemes grow more sophisticated with digital mapping tools and global reach, entity resolution in knowledge graphs—enhanced by geospatial context—will only sharpen. Real-time monitoring, AI-driven anomaly detection, and dynamic mapping will make deception harder to sustain. The result? Interdiction of transactions. Faster and better recoveries. Frustrated, if not deterred, criminals. Lower premiums for insureds. Safeguarded public funds.
In the war on fraud, knowledge is power—but resolved, connected, and spatially aware knowledge is the key to victory. Like Excalibur drawn from the stone, we across these industries, companies, and public bodies draw data from our legacy and modern systems. This combination of data and technology empowers those who wield it to cut through illusion and restore justice.
