The Amazon/Berkshire Hathaway/JPMorganChase health care partnership known as ABC announced last week that it had hired as CEO the well-known innovator, author and surgeon Atul Gawande. Count me a fan.

While some note that he has never run an organization anywhere close to the size that will be needed to coordinate the health care of the roughly one million people covered in the partnership, I believe he brings just the right qualities to a job that could create great change in U.S. health care in five to 10 years, slashing costs while improving care. 

He has shown an ability to look at problems through beginner's eyes, even when he has been immersed in the issue for years. His 2009 article in The New Yorker comparing care in two Texas towns showed just how destructive the profit-maximizing culture of his industry has become.

Gawande has consistently shown the sort of empathy that often gets lost when care collides with dollars and cents. His latest book, "Being Mortal," on how life draws to a close, is remarkable. (Here is an interview that provides a look into his thinking: https://onbeing.org/programs/atul-gawande-what-matters-in-the-end-oct2017/)

He has also seen both how important and how hard it is to implement innovation. He devised a checklist for surgeons that is now used in hospitals around the world and that has greatly reduced post-operative infections. But surgeons, as dedicated as they are, bristle when told what to do, especially via something as rudimentary as a checklist, so progress hasn't exactly moved in a straight line.

Even if Gawande succeeds—a big if, given the size and complexity of the issue—you have to figure that progress will take years. First, ABC will have to figure out how to take better care of the million souls in its care. Then the problem really gets hard, as ABC will have to figure out how to roll out its solutions into remote parts of the country, to small businesses, to people older than employees at the ABC companies and so on, or others will have to figure out how to pull ideas out of ABC and implement them more broadly.

A million people is a lot, but it isn't 330 million. And the antibodies working against Gawande will be stronger than any he's ever seen. People will do a lot to protect the going-on $4 trillion spent on health care in the U.S. each year.

Still, I can't think of a better person to tackle the issue.

Have a great week.

Paul Carroll
Editor-in-Chief

Leaders in the insurance industry, like many other industry executives, are seeking routes to profitable growth amid unprecedented economic, financial and regulatory change. No longer can companies pursue top-line growth for its own sake without adverse consequences or rely on cost cuts alone to boost margins. Today, companies must strike a strategic balance that will sustain profit growth and shareholder returns over the long term. This is no easy trick, as tectonic forces unsettle the insurance industry — which is accustomed to measuring the pace of change in decades, not years or quarters. A business-as-usual approach falters in the face of quickly shifting customer needs, rising capital requirements, new regulatory burdens, low interest rates, disruptive technology, and new competitors. Many companies aren’t getting the results they need from textbook moves such as fine-tuning marketing programs, updating products, enhancing customer-service systems or beefing up information technology. That’s because traditional operating levers for executing strategy simply weren’t designed for the challenges confronting insurers today. Strategic success now requires something more: a structural response. A company can’t adapt to 21st-century conditions without modernizing its 20th-century structures. The key is for companies to realize that strategy equals structure. Strategy — the big and important ways that a company chooses to compete — must naturally and intrinsically weave in key operating model dimensions, including legal entity, tax positioning, capital deployment, organization and governance. Finally, once strategy and structure are wed, companies must recognize the role of culture in making new structures work, and use their cultural strengths to promote the changes and ensure that they have staying power. Here’s how: Responding to the Pressures Rapid evolutionary change has rendered time-honored organizational structures ineffectual or obsolete in many cases. Before attempting to execute new strategies, insurance companies need to reevaluate every dimension of their operating model. Structural inadequacies take many forms. Some companies lack the scale needed to generate profitable growth under new capital requirements. Others with siloed, hierarchical organizations lack the flexibility to respond quickly to market shifts. Poor technological capabilities often hamstring old-line insurers facing new digitally oriented rivals. And tax reform and regulation looms as a potential threat to profitability in certain business lines. See also: Why Is Insurance Industry So Small? In our work with insurers, we at Strategy&, PwC’s strategy consulting business, have seen certain common responses to these pressures. Their responses divide these companies into three groups:

• The first group of companies have anticipated the effects of marketplace trends and made appropriate structural adjustments, clearing the way to profitable growth. For example, life insurer MetLife avoided costly regulatory mandates by selling registered broker distribution to MassMutual and spinning off its Brighthouse retail operations. Others, including Manulife and Sun Life, have made substantial acquisitions to consolidate scale positions.
• The second group of companies have recognized the need for structural change, but have yet to carry it out. With plans made, or under discussion, these companies are waiting opportunistically for the right deal to come along.
• A third group of companies, however, have hunkered down behind existing structures, making only minor tweaks and hoping to emerge from the storm without too much damage. For some, this is a rational choice because of constraints that leave them with little or no maneuvering room. In other cases, action is impeded by a company culture that reflexively rejects certain options.

Companies in the first two groups are giving themselves a chance to win. But the response of companies in the third group smacks of self-delusion in an age when strategy equals structure. Time for Real Change Without a doubt, many insurers work diligently and continually to improve their businesses across dimensions. They gather insights into consumer needs and behaviors, nurture unique capabilities to differentiate themselves from competitors, modernize products, update distribution strategies and embrace digitization in all its forms. These are all sound approaches, but they’re inadequate in addressing the unknown facing insurers today. Their belief that they will persist assumes a certain stability in underlying economic and market conditions that hasn’t been seen since the financial collapse nearly a decade ago. Forces unleashed by that crash and its aftermath undermined the pillars of many insurance business models. We’ve seen years of only modest growth, with property/casualty insurers expanding at a 3% pace, and life insurers barely exceeding 1%. The long stretch of sluggish global growth has put pressure on revenues and forced insurers to compete harder on price. Near-0% interest rates that have prevailed since the Great Recession are squeezing profit margins, especially in life insurance. On the regulatory front, tougher accounting rules are driving up costs while heavier capital requirements weigh down balance sheets and dilute returns. Compounding these challenges are the potentially destabilizing effects of tax reform on earnings and growth. Taxes may actually rise for some insurers, an outcome that could force them to raise prices or find other ways to protect shareholder returns. In many cases, the benefits of falling tax rates may be diminished by the loss of deductions for affiliate premiums, limits on deductibility of life reserves, accelerated earnings recognition and a slowdown of deferred acquisition cost deductions. Competitive dynamics are shifting, too, as expanding “pure play” asset managers such as Vanguard and Fidelity block growth avenues for insurers. Established companies and some new entrants are innovating and experimenting with disruptive distribution models. Others, including private equity firms, are looking to bend the cost curve through aggressive acquisition and sourcing strategies. To be sure, some long-term trends could benefit certain insurers, or at least improve their risk profile. Longer life spans and the shift of responsibility for retirement funding to individuals may drive demand for annuities and other retirement products. However, many companies are as unprepared to capitalize on these opportunities as they are to meet long-term challenges. Often the problem comes down to scale. Some insurers lack the resources to build new distribution platforms and customer service capabilities in growing markets such as asset management, group insurance, ancillary benefits and retirement plans. Although offering an individual product may be relatively easy for new market entrants, the difficulty and cost of establishing such platforms creates a desire for scale and increases pressure on smaller competitors. Sometimes, the issue isn’t scale but a failure to respond quickly enough as conditions change. Buying habits are changing as consumers — particularly the younger cohorts — make more purchases online. Yet our research indicates that people still want some personal assistance with larger and more-complex transactions. It takes investment and experimentation to find and refine the right business model for new marketplace realities. But some companies haven’t built the necessary assets and capabilities or adjusted to evolving distribution patterns and consumer behaviors. The proper response to each challenge and opportunity will be different for every company, depending on its unique characteristics and circumstances. In virtually every case, the right solution will involve structural change. Joining Strategy and Structure As companies recognize that traditional approaches to annual planning, project funding and technology architecture may be hindering innovation and real-time responses to changing market conditions, many are rethinking and redesigning their core processes to facilitate change. Recent transactions in the sector show the range of structural options for companies that want to advance strategic goals in a changing marketplace. Below are some examples. Exiting businesses. Sometimes, the best choice is to move out of harm’s way; companies can preserve margins by exiting businesses targeted for higher capital requirements or costly new accounting standards. MetLife’s Brighthouse spin-off bolstered its case for relief from designation as a “systemically important financial institution,” and the associated capital requirements. Exiting U.S. retail life insurance markets also enabled MetLife to focus on faster-growing businesses that are less vulnerable to rock-bottom interest rates. The Hartford recently announced the sale of Talcott Resolution to a group of investors, completing its exit from the life and annuity business. Partnerships and acquisitions. When scale is an issue, the solution may lie outside the company or in new structural approaches. Some insurers form partnerships to expand distribution, diversify product portfolios or bolster capabilities. Companies also adjust their scale and capital structures through mergers, acquisitions and divestitures. Sun Life paid $975 million in 2016 for Assurant’s employee benefits business, filling gaps in its product portfolio and gaining scale to compete with larger rivals. MassMutual’s purchase of MetLife’s broker-dealer network in 2016 enlarged the MassMutual brokerage force by 70% and freed MetLife to pursue new distribution channels. Expanding into new lines and geographies. New product lines offer another path to faster growth or fatter profit margins. Several insurers have moved into expanding markets with lower capital requirements, such as asset management. Voya, Sun Life and MassMutual have acquired or established third-party asset management units to capitalize on investment expertise they developed managing internal portfolios. The Hartford recently agreed to acquire Aetna’s U.S. group life and disability business, deepening and enhancing its group benefits distribution capabilities and accelerating digital technology plans. We also see companies establishing technology-focused subsidiaries such as Reinsurance Group of America’s (RGA’s) RGAx and AIG’s Blackboard. Cutting costs. Some companies have moved aggressively to improve their cost structure. Insurers seeking greater financial flexibility have divested assets that require significant capital reserves. Aegon unleashed $700 million in capital by selling blocks of run-off annuity business to Wilton Re in 2017. An insurer that offloads its defined-benefit plan to another via pension-risk transfer frees up capital and eliminates continuing pension funding requirements. Other cost-saving moves focus on workforce expenses. In addition to rightsizing staff, such measures include relocating workers to low-cost areas or jurisdictions offering significant tax incentives. Prudential and Manulife slashed expenses by establishing overseas operating centers that take advantage of labor cost arbitrage, create global economies of scale and reduce taxes. See also: Key Findings on the Insurance Industry Transformation and Culture Once companies have launched ambitious structural initiatives, they don’t always recognize the role of culture in making the new structures work. But this is a mistake. Culture is a pattern of behaviors, norms and mind-sets that have grown up around existing organizational structures; the two (culture and structure) are tightly linked, and you can’t change one without affecting the other. No culture is all good or all bad. But certain cultural traits are more relevant to structural change than others. Cultural attributes affect a company’s ability to make necessary changes. A company that is consensus-driven and focused on preventing problems before they arise may be indecisive and slow to act. These traits may cause it to wait too long and miss the optimal moment for a structural transformation. Other companies, by contrast, have a tradition of quickly seizing opportunities. When this trait is supported by other important characteristics — more single points of accountability, strong leadership and an aligned senior management team — it can foster the rapid decision making essential to structural change. Culture also comes into play after executives decide to initiate structural change. Most employees have strong emotional connections to the culture — this source of pride, along with a clear and inspiring vision of the future, can motivate them to line up behind the change and can inspire collaboration across organizational boundaries to drive the transformation. Leaders at all levels can generate momentum by signaling the desired cultural shifts and embodying the new behaviors needed to execute structural change. A new structure without a corresponding evolution of culture amounts to little more than a redesigned organization chart. Culture makes or breaks the new structure, influencing factors as diverse as resource allocation, governance and the ability to follow through on a vow to “change how work gets done.” It’s not uncommon for a company to expend tremendous effort and resources on a complete structural overhaul, only to see incompatible cultural norms thwart its strategic execution. For example, a new, streamlined operating model intended to accelerate decision making and foster cross-functional collaboration won’t take root in a culture that exalts hierarchy and encourages employees to focus on narrow functional priorities. Culture also influences a company’s willingness to make the deep structural changes in time to avert a crisis. Those who wait until market conditions have undermined their operating model put themselves at a disadvantage. Nevertheless, few companies attempt structural change in “peacetime.” Absent a crisis, cultural expectations often limit directors to a narrow role monitoring indicators such as growth and profitability, while management concentrates on achieving specific strategic objectives. Under this traditional allocation of responsibilities, emerging structural issues may not get enough attention. Successful companies, by contrast, continually reassess their structure in light of evolving market conditions. They understand that organizational structures aren’t permanent fixtures, but strategic choices to be reconsidered as circumstances and objectives change. Capitalizing on Changes Amid the confusion of today’s insurance industry, one thing is clear: Business as usual won’t deliver sustained, profitable growth. As powerful forces reshape markets, conventional tools for executing strategy are losing their effectiveness. Today’s challenges are not operational, but structural. Many insurers lack the scale, capabilities or efficiency to compete effectively as competition intensifies, regulatory burdens increase and financial pressures rise. Winning companies are meeting structural challenges with structural solutions. Approaches vary from company to company. Some add scale or enhance capabilities, whereas others streamline cost structures or exit lagging business lines. With the right cultural support, these structural responses position a company to capitalize on industry changes that are confounding competitors. You can find the article originally published on Strategy & Business. This article was written by Bruce Brodie, Rutger von Post and Michael Mariani.

In a 2009 interview with Insurance Journal, Juan Andrade of The Hartford ranked “improving operational efficiency” third on a list of essential priorities for P&C insurers, below both customer retention and a systematic sales approach. This ranking made sense 10 years ago. At that time, Andrade’s top two priorities were customer connections and insurance sales, but digital means of providing either one had not fully developed. Today, however, all three of these top priorities can be addressed through a digital platform — and placing operational efficiency first on the list has the power to boost the other two. Digital operations management “is not only about technology,” says Eddy Lek at Schneider Electric. “It requires a holistic approach to transform operations; implementing changes to the existing business and operations models and training employees to effectively operate with new tools – [e]mpowering the workforce to leverage technology for greater efficiency.” Here, we look at how a digital platform improves operational efficiencies for P&C insurers. We also discuss how insurers can identify the top challenges they face and ask the right questions to ensure they implement digital tools that address those challenges effectively. The Digital Future and Its Challenges for Insurers Property and casualty insurers have seen stormy weather in the past few years, literally and figuratively. The need to respond to claims from the 2017 hurricane season, decreasing auto coverage purchases combined with rising claim costs and other factors have resulted in losses across the board, according to a Deloitte report. Customer needs and demands are changing, as well, as Insurance Journal’s Michael Kasdin notes. For instance, younger adults drive less, reducing demand for auto insurance policies and increasing interest in newer, more adaptable tools like pay-per-mile auto insurance. Gig economy work like driving for Uber or Lyft or listing rentals with AirBnB has changed needs in auto and home insurance, as well. See also: Digital Playbooks for Insurers (Part 4) According to Kasdin, insurtech is poised to address many of these problems. Yet concerns about cybersecurity and anticipating the “right” place to invest in digital platforms and similar tools continue to stall many insurers, as Nate Anderson, Pascal Roth and Pierre-Henri Boutot described in a Bain & Co. brief. To address sinking premiums, rising claims and the retention of a customer base shifting rapidly away from old standards of expectation in insurance, insurtech stands out. Improving operational efficiency via digital platforms can improve P&C insurers’ ability to address all three threats simultaneously. Digital Tools for Operational Efficiency A recent Audit and Risk Committee Forum survey by PwC found that 44% of insurance leaders surveyed believe that “most existing insurers will not survive, at least in their current form.” And one of the biggest causes of their demise will be operational inefficiency. Currently, operational inefficiencies in P&C insurance are commonly found in “repetitive, business rule-driven work,” according to a February 2018 PwC white paper. While other inefficiencies exist, the sheer volume of repetitive, rule-driven work sets insurers apart from many other industries. For decades, such work has demanded human intervention because no machinery existed to ensure that the rules were followed and that the task was done correctly each time. Today, however, machine learning, AI and similar tools make it possible for insurance companies to automate much of this work for increased efficiency. “It’s always important to realize that 55% to 60% of all the cost within any given agency is going to be personnel cost,” Andrade told Insurance Journal in 2009. “The key here is making sure that your people, your employees are being as productive as they can.” Digital platforms offer new ways to ensure employee productivity. In an automated world, insurance companies can reevaluate the contributions each agent and employee makes based on the value added to the process, providing a powerful new way to determine and eliminate inefficiencies. How Efficiency and Customer Retention Meet on a Digital Platform The February 2018 PwC report noted that when it comes to insurtech, most P&C insurers are still thinking in an “outward”-facing mode. They’re embracing digital platforms primarily for the platforms’ ability to connect them with customers who increasingly demand easy digital communication, online purchasing and consistent points of contact. Meanwhile, Ben Kerschberg at Forbes identifies three “pillars of change” for digital platforms: customer service, operational processes and business processes. In other words, digital platforms do have the power to improve operational efficiencies in customer service — but customer service is only one of three pillars of opportunity. Insurers who focus here miss the two opportunities to greatly improve operational and business efficiency, as well. Five years ago, big data was big news. Today, it’s a given in most businesses. The ability to analyze vast amounts of data to spot meaningful trends and changes can revolutionize risk analysis and operational efficiency in insurance, but insurers must first have the digital platform necessary to capture and analyze data. Customers are willing to provide more data to get seamless digital service. They’re also willing to pay more for service on a strong, integrated digital platform — up to 21% more to get, it, according to Ameyo’s Shaista Haque. A digital platform also makes it easier for insurers to streamline service, not only to customers but also within the organization itself. For instance, when products are developed in a streamlined digital environment, much of the inefficiency caused by in-person meetings, incompatible or un-editable digital documents, checking details or numbers by hand and other prolongations of the product development cycle can be minimized or defeated. This increased internal efficiency improves the ability to provide customers with products that meet their changing needs on a timetable that encourages customers to adopt them. See also: Digital Insurance 2.0: Benefits   Questions to Ask When Seeking the Right Digital Tools Insurtech developments appear almost daily, which can leave insurance leadership feeling overwhelmed. What are the best tools for the particular challenges you face? How can you identify top inefficiencies, and how will you know you’re choosing the right digital platform capabilities to optimize them? Deb Miller, director of market development for business process solutions at OpenText, identifies four operational efficiency optimization strategies that are being employed by an increasing number of insurance companies:

• Improving operational efficiency by driving for leverage across silos
• Scaling to address demand for specific products and across a broader geographical range
• Expanding distribution channels while improving or maintaining excellent customer service
• Automating case management tasks to reduce time to resolve in claims, as well as reducing paper and other resource waste

Knowing which strategies to prioritize, however, means knowing where your particular organization’s inefficiency pain points lie. A McKinsey & Co. white paper recommends that managers seeking to improve operational efficiency ask questions like:

• How are we delivering value to the customer? How do we do so efficiently?
• How do we work? What are some better ways to perform that work?
• How do we connect goals, strategy and meaningful purpose? How do we communicate these to our teams and to our customers?
• How are we enabling people to lead at their fullest potential?

Questions like these can help insurers find inefficiencies. The answers can also help digital platform providers identify which tools will be most effective for a particular insurer.

From product scandals to data breaches to natural disasters, companies are dealing with constant risk. But how they prepare for those risks can make the difference between riding the roughest wave — or drowning in it. The field of risk management, once an afterthought for many companies, is getting renewed attention with a new book by two Wharton professors who want to help business leaders think more deeply about worst-case scenarios. Michael Useem, management professor and director of the Center for Leadership and Change Management, and Howard Kunreuther, professor of operations, information and decisions as well as co-director of the Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, recently spoke with the Knowledge@Wharton show on SiriusXM channel 111 about their book, Mastering Catastrophic Risk: How Companies Are Coping with Disruption. An edited transcript of the conversation follows. Knowledge@Wharton: How did the two of you come to collaborate on this book? Useem: If you think about the two terms that Howard has referenced, risk and leadership, they go together in this case. Often, we think of those as something separate. Risk — we’ve got to be analytical and disciplined, and it’s often technical. Leadership — it’s all about having a vision and setting a strategy. But we concluded, after talking with quite a few people and companies’ directors, executives and senior managers that the time has come for the conjoining of these two terms. Many companies now are self-conscious about appraising risk, measuring risk, managing risk and ensuring the company is ready to lead through a tough moment the risk has caused. Knowledge@Wharton: Is this a recognition that has developed recently, compared with the executive mindset of the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s? Useem: Yes. I think what really got us going on the book in terms of the timing is exactly what you’ve referenced. Ten or 15 years ago, no companies had a chief risk officer. Risk was barely mentioned. The term “enterprise risk management” (ERM) was not even around. But if you look at any trend line out there, what do people worry about when they get together at watering holes for senior management? Risk now is on the agenda just about everywhere, for good reason: Because the risk that companies have faced in recent years has gone up. The catastrophic downside of big risk also has increased. More risk, more downside, more people are paying attention. Kunreuther: One of the really interesting issues associated with the study and our interviews with senior management is that, before 9/11, there was very little emphasis by the firms on low-probability events — the black swan events. Starting with 9/11 and continuing through to today, these issues now have become more important, and black swans are now much more common than before. As a result, firms are paying attention. When we interviewed people, they were very clear with us that now that the events have occurred, they are putting it high on the agenda. As Mike has indicated, the boards and all of senior management are now paying attention to it, so it’s a big, big change. Knowledge@Wharton: Certainly, 9/11 was an impactful event on the country, but it was followed a few years later by the Great Recession. How did that change the view of risk? Useem: We raised the question in these in-depth interviews with people inside the company, whether on the board or in the management suite, and they consistently said that four events became a wake-up call or an alarm bell. First, 9/11 got us thinking about the unthinkable. A couple of hurricanes came through, including Sandy, which was a huge event. The recession or the near-depression back in 2008, 2009. Who thought that the Dow was going to lose 500 points in a day? Who thought Lehman was going to go under? But it all happened. And finally, the events in 2011 in Japan with the enormous tsunami after a 9.0 earthquake that left probably 25,000 people dead and set a fire in a nuclear plant. Even if you were a company that was not touched, just look at the four points on a graph. The costs are high. Many companies are impacted. Everybody thought, let’s get on with enterprise risk management. Let’s make it an art. See also: How to Improve ‘Model Risk Management’   Knowledge@Wharton: How have business leaders changed their thinking about risk management because of those four events? Kunreuther:  Leaders are now saying, “We have to put risk on the agenda. We have to think about our risk appetite,” which they hadn’t thought about before. “We have to think about our risk tolerance.” Financial institutions played that role, and they were very clear about that right after the 2008-2009 debacle. They had to ask themselves very explicitly that question. But I think this is now much broader than that. Leaders have recognized that they also have to think longer-term. This is one of the issues. We have a framework that we’ve developed in the book that tries to combine some of the work that has come out of the literature that Daniel Kahneman has pioneered on thinking fast and slow — by indicating that intuitive thinking is the mindset that we often have. Thinking myopically. Thinking optimistically. Not wanting to change from the status quo. Leaders have now recognized that they have got to put on the table more deliberative thinking and think more long-term. That is a change, and they tie that together with risk. One of our contributions, with respect to the book, is to try to put together a framework that really resonates with the leaders and the key people in the organization so that they can respond in a way that makes sense. Useem: We asked a lot of people who are in the boardroom, if they go back 15 years, was risk, cyber risk or catastrophic risk in board deliberations? The answer typically was no. Ask the same people about today, and they say, “Of course.” We watched with horror what has happened with some of the cyber disasters at Target and elsewhere, and no board worth its pay is these days unconcerned about risk. Now, you’ve got to be careful. The board works with management, sets the vision, does not micromanage. But what boards are increasingly doing is saying to management, “Let’s see what your risk tolerance is. Let’s see what your risk appetite is. Let’s see what measures you already have in place. Nobody wants to think about the unthinkable, but let’s think about it.” Knowledge@Wharton: The fake accounts scandal at Wells Fargo and the emissions controversy at Volkswagen are two recent examples of risk that you document in the book. Can you talk about that? Useem: We don’t mean to pick on any company, and we don’t mean to extol the virtues of any company. But we can learn from all. Howard and I took a look at the events at Wells Fargo, which were extremely instructive. No. 1, the company put in very tough performance measures. They told employees, you’ve got to get results, otherwise you’re not going to be here in 12 months. But there was not a recognition that very tough performance indicators without guardrails against excess of performance was a toxic mix. We’ve seen what happened to Wells Fargo. They’ve paid billions in fines. The Federal Reserve has a stricture right now that Wells Fargo cannot accept one more dollar in assets until it can prove to the Fed that it has good risk measures in place. We also document in the book the events with Volkswagen, which had the so-called defeat devices intended to report if a VW vehicle was brought in for an inspection, that the emissions were meeting U.S. standards. In fact, the software just simply was fooling the person looking at the dials. That, apparently, went all the way up to the top. We’ll see what’s finally resolved there. Wells Fargo and Volkswagen took enormous hits in terms of reputation, brand, stock price and beyond. We also document a bit the BP problems in the Gulf…. They’re instructive. Kunreuther: We didn’t interview anyone with respect to Volkswagen, but we did have public information, and it’s included in the book. The reason that we felt it was so important is that VW felt that this was a low-probability event that they would be detected, and they put it below their threshold level of concern. They emphasized the optimistic part of this, which was to say, “Let’s see what we can do as a way of really improving our bottom line.” What we do in the book is give a checklist to people, to companies and to individuals. We see it as a broad-based set of checklists on how they can do a better job of dealing with that. What we really say is: Pay attention to these low-probability events. If you think not only in terms of next year but over the next 10 years, what you can see as a very low-probability event would actually be quite high over a period of time. If you begin to think long-term, which is what firms want to do, you pay attention to that. Knowledge@Wharton: There’s such an economic impact on the company when these issues can’t be resolved quickly. Toyota, for example, has been dealing with its airbag problem for several years. Kunreuther: You tie the issue of getting companies and directors to pay attention to the low probability, and then you say to them, “Construct a worst-case scenario.” Put on the table what could happen if it turns out you were discovered, or if there is an incident that occurs, or an accident, as Mike was saying on the BP side. What’s going to happen to the company? What will happen to its reputation, its survival, its bottom line? Our feeling is that, if you can begin to get people to think about the appetite and tolerance in the context of these low probabilities that could be quite high, then I think you have an opportunity for companies to pay attention. And they’re doing that, as Mike and I have found out in our interviews. Knowledge@Wharton: What about when the disaster is a natural phenomenon, such as the volcanoes in Hawaii and Guatemala? Companies have to be prepared, but they can’t control what happens. Useem: As we’ve watched the events unfold in Hawaii and Guatemala, it’s a great warning to us all that the impact of natural disasters worldwide is on the rise. There’s just no other way to describe it except a graph that’s going up, partly because people are living closer now to some of the places that historically are seismic. Hurricanes are possibly being intensified by global warming. There are more people along the Florida coast. All that being said, natural disasters are obviously in a much bigger class of disasters. [Since] we wrote this book for people to be able to think through their own catastrophic risk management, we offered [examples] from the experience of other large companies, mainly in the U.S. We have a couple of German companies that we focused on: Deutsche Bank, Lufthansa and so on. We suggest that the vigilant manager, the watchful director, ought to be mindful of 10 separate points. One is, be alert to near-misses. What we mean by that is, “There but for the grace of God go I.” If I’m an energy producer, watch what happened to BP in the Gulf. Let’s learn from what they went through. The A-case for me is Morgan Stanley, which had been in the South Tower of the World Trade Center when 9/11 hit. Because of the events eight years earlier — in 1993, a bomb had gone off in the basement of the World Trade Center — the risk officer at Morgan Stanley said, “Who knows what else might happen? That was a near-miss.” Rick Rescorla, [vice president for corporate security,] insisted that Morgan Stanley every year practice a massive drill of evacuating the tower. When 9/11 occurred, the North Tower was hit first. Morgan Stanley is in the South Tower. Rescorla said, “Let’s get out of here,” and he managed to evacuate almost all 4,000 people. He was one individual who did not get out. He went back in to check. He is a hero for Morgan Stanley and many other people, but the bigger point taken from that is: Learn from the world around us, because these developments are intensifying. The threats are bigger. The downside is more costly. See also: 3 Challenges in Risk Management   Kunreuther: Near-misses are important in any aspect. But the other point that I think is important for today is another part of the checklist: Appreciate global connectedness and interdependencies. That point really became clear with Fukushima and with the Thailand floods. We asked each company what was the most adverse event that they faced? They had the complete freedom to say anything they wanted. The death of a CEO could have been one. Kidnapping was another. But as Mike indicated earlier, Fukushima was a critical one, and so were the Thailand floods. These were companies in the S&P 500, but they were concerned about how they were getting their parts, so supply chains were very important. They recognized after Fukushima that they were relying on a single supply chain that they couldn’t rely on for a time. Knowledge@Wharton: How can a company prepare for the unexpected death of a CEO? Useem: From looking at the companies that are pretty far into it, all we’re calling for is getting those risks figured out, then having in place a set of steps to anticipate. It’s like insurance. The best insurance is the one that never pays off because the disaster has not happened. The best risk management system is the one that’s not invoked. In the book, we get into the events surrounding a fatal Lufthansa crash. Within minutes, they were in action. Within minutes, they had called the chancellor of Germany. Within minutes, they had people heading to the scene, not because that’s what they do but because they had thought about the unimaginable, and they had in place a system to react quickly. You have to deal with an enormous amount of uncertainty when disaster strikes. Premise No. 1: Be ready to act. Premise No. 2: Be ready to work with enormous uncertainty, but don’t let that pull you back from the task ahead.

Across the insurance industry, claims organizations have made significant progress in modernizing their core processing systems in the last several years. Typically, the objectives of these programs are to increase speed, improve accuracy and reduce risks in all phases of claims handling. Given that claims interactions are “moments of truth” in customer relationships, insurers have good reason to ensure that the experience for policyholders is smooth and satisfying at every step of the process. No matter where insurers are on this continuum, robotic process automation (RPA) can help them achieve their business objectives while leveraging existing technology and boosting returns on previous and current transformation investments. In seeking the best path forward, claims leaders will want to consider:

• Why robotics is well-suited for use in claims and how it complements other enabling technologies
• Key components of the business case and value proposition
• High-priority opportunities and common use cases for deploying RPA
• Applying the principles and techniques used by successful early adopters as they develop their own implementation approach

Why RPA? Why now? RPA involves the use of virtual workers, or software robots, to perform business tasks similar to human users. The main appeal for insurers is the ability to handle high-volume and complex data actions at exponentially greater speed than in the past. RPA is also notably flexible, which makes it both business-enabling and IT-friendly. It can be deployed alone or with other technologies across the claims value chain. For example, robotics can:

• Automate discrete tasks or activities
• Work in concert with other systems on transaction processing, data manipulation, communication and response triggering
• Facilitate straight-through or “no-touch” processing, working alongside analytics tool sets and other cognitive technologies, such as machine learning and natural language processing

The cost of entry for RPA in terms of financial commitment and deployment requirements is low, compared with other technologies. There is no disruptive “rip and replace” with RPA; proofs of concepts are straightforward to launch, which helps IT and business leaders get past their “not another technology" reluctance. And many benefits can be unlocked without large-scale process re-engineering. See also: Insurtech Presents Major Opportunities More than just overhauling the most routine administrative tasks, robotics creates capacity and expands the art of the possible in claims. While many assume robots simply replace human resources, RPA can – and should – be viewed as an enabler and a win-win for insurers and their workers. RPA ROI: building the business case A significant number of insurers have already implemented robotics, though few have done so at scale. ROI cycles for RPA can usually be measured in months rather than years. Most early adopters start with multiple functional “pilots” or proofs of concept that are completed in as little as 30 to 60 days. Broader, first-generation programs may take six to 12 months. Increased capacity and focus on high-value work: Robotics can free knowledge workers from the burden of routine reporting, documentation and maintenance tasks. Instead, they can focus on areas where they can provide the most value, such as managing exceptions and dealing with high-risk and complex claims. A common approach is to use RPA to support straight-through processing for claims under a certain dollar threshold. RPA may also be used to handle basic data entry tasks for claims of any amount. Industry research has found that turnaround times for these types of claims may be reduced as much as 75%–85%, with 50%–70% of repetitive tasks effectively eliminated. Higher quality and accuracy: Robots processing claims will no doubt be able to increase accuracy and reduce errors, whether related to sophisticated fraud or simple “fat-fingering,” for the vast majority of routine claims. Indeed, robots are uniquely qualified to assist quality assurance (QA) staff, given their ability to scan large quantities of data and transactions almost instantaneously. For example, RPA can help identify potentially fraudulent claims by flagging data outliers. Further, in the realm of compliance, RPA helps strengthen and streamline adherence to standard audit, risk, privacy and security policies and protocols. Increased scalability: RPA is a natural solution for insurers that need to add temporary capacity to deal with seasonal spikes in claims activity or after catastrophes. The virtual workforce can scale to peak loads without overtime and establish 24/7 processing. For example, RPA enables insurers to increase the amount of new loss intake capabilities without a corresponding increase in first notification of loss (FNOL) processing staff. The easy scalability also makes RPA a highly useful tool for insurers exploring shared services models for claims. Higher customer satisfaction: In identifying processes that can be automated, leaders should also look for opportunities to enrich the customer experience. Speed, accuracy, transparency and level of service are what matters most to claimants. RPA helps on all those fronts by allowing claims professionals to focus on the “art” of claims adjusting and customer experience, as opposed to the transactional aspects. RPA can also accelerate innovation programs in customer engagement and experience. Business rules can be configured directly into the robotics to align with customer expectations for personalization and timely communications. Strategic data usage: The quality gains and capacity improvements from RPA enable claims teams to shift from simply processing data to exploiting it for more accurate and timely reporting and insight generation. In this sense, RPA can actually be an empowering force, rather than a discouraging threat, to a claims workforce. RPA in action: where to start the journey The use of robots and automation can take many forms in claims, including both customer-facing and back-office functions and tasks. The following represent the most common and promising use cases across the industry:

1. 1. Streamlining vendor applications and estimating: Most current estimating processes require adjusters or others to rekey data from one form or system to another. Robotics along with enabling technology such as optical character recognition (OCR) can eliminate that duplicate effort by bridging the gap between claims systems, vendor apps and third-party estimating systems.
   2. Capturing and managing claimant data: RPA can be on the receiving end of claims submissions, especially those that typically include photos from customers. Robots can ensure the right information ends up in the right systems and attached to the right claims. As such, they ensure human representatives have the information they need to move claims forward and respond to customer inquiries. Customers who prefer self-service also benefit when submitted information is more readily accessible.
   3. Streamlining, automating and enhancing communications: Claimant communication remains a largely manual undertaking, requiring adjusters or other claims staff to initiate and, in some cases, monitor the process. RPA can help operationalize smart rules so the right letter (e.g., one required to be sent 30 days after a loss is reported) reaches the right claimant at the right time through the right channel. For instance, robots can pull data from claims submission forms and pre-populate letters that are typically housed in other systems and map distribution to customer preferences.
   4. Scanning, indexing and converting forms and data: RPA has proven especially proficient at pulling data from standard fields on medical bills, from claimant name and address, to provide information to coding details. Standard in name only, these forms are a common source of errors. Similarly, RPA can transfer and convert data across older claims systems that may be used by individual product lines or regions to newer enterprise systems.
   5. Validating payments: Conventional wisdom holds that 3-5% of claims payments are inaccurate, though no one knows for sure, given the difficulty and expense in auditing all claims. The key is robots’ ability to quickly and cost-effectively run QA on entire populations of forms and payments, rather than just a small sample. For example, rather than auditors discovering a $5,000 payment on a $500 settlement months after a customer has cashed the check, robots can flag the disparity beforehand. Further, they can help deliver the information and intelligence so that human analysts can investigate anomalies proactively.
   6. Customer-facing enhancements: RPA can alleviate the need for time-consuming and costly adjuster input by supporting customer-friendly apps for capturing photos of fender-bender car accidents and submitting all claims submission forms with just a few taps and swipes. Chatbots, another automation tool easily integrated with RPA, are already handling many routine communications tasks, including notifications of settlements and customer inquiries into claim status.
   7. Integrating other enabling technologies: RPA will become more prevalent, especially as claims groups adopt other enabling technologies. For instance, AI-powered bots will likely handle the inputs from drones conducting standard property inspections or surveying damage after catastrophic storms. Integrating RPA with machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) can enable the initiation of new claims and issue first notice of loss (FNOL) communications by scanning and analyzing unstructured communications, including emails from agents or even voice interactions. Robots will also be used widely in the real-time review of social media streams to assess claims severity and reduce fraud. RPA will receive and route advanced telematics data (including video imagery) that will be instantaneously captured during automobile accidents and downloaded from the cloud, automatically triggering an FNOL entry.

Suggested approach and lessons learned: following the leaders Significant numbers of insurers are already using RPA in their claims organizations. In designing the business case for robotics, claims leaders should seek an incremental approach, adopting more ambitious use cases once they have built momentum and demonstrated results through initial and targeted deployments. With RPA, there’s no need to try do too much too fast, which may be attractive for insurance executives seeking to minimize risk and disruption in their adoption of enabling technologies. Further, an incremental approach can help organizations overcome their natural wariness toward RPA in terms of its workforce impacts. See also: Robots and AI—It’s Just the Beginning   The following lessons learned come from early adopters: Target the opportunities: In developing a business case and tangible ROI model, specific tactical questions can lead to the right strategy as well as clarify the highest priorities for near-term automation. Finding answers may require a robust assessment of current capabilities and the completion of a cost-benefit analysis, given that the candidates for automation may number into the dozens. Engage IT early and often: To ensure a smooth implementation and integration with other systems, there are many important infrastructure, governance and security questions to address. IT leaders reluctant to deploy another technology in the claims “stack” should consider how RPA can support strategic platform upgrades and those mandated by regulatory change. Most RPA tools are product- and platform-agnostic and work with existing IT architecture. Find the right partner: External vendors and suppliers – including insurtechs, consultants and systems integrators – will be part of the solution, so it’s important to choose wisely. Beyond technical expertise, look for those firms with deep technical and operational claims knowledge, including a clear understanding of how it affects the customer experience. Don’t overlook the organizational factors: As with other “digital” initiatives, claims leaders must invest time and resources in education and, if necessary, evangelization regarding the use of RPA. The delicate matter of robots taking over jobs should be addressed, most likely in the context of the need to reskill claims workers, as the role will evolve to become more analytical and more focused on customer needs and the most complex claims. The bottom line: RPA is critical to the evolving claims process The time for adopting robotics in claims has come, due primarily to the compelling business case and imperative for claims leaders to enhance performance and contribute more value to the business. Robotics can serve as a foundation in supporting true, end-to-end automation when integrated with other advanced technologies, such as OCR, chatbots, machine learning and NLP. Indeed, as multiple early adopters have made clear, RPA is ready to help claims organizations advance and enhance outcomes in the digital era through increased automation, higher productivity and increased capacity and strategic focus for claims professionals. RPA is among the top enabling technologies insurers should consider adopting in claims, as well as other parts of the organization, due to:

• Low cost
• The path to ROI
• Manageable deployment requirements
• Flexible use cases

For the full report on which this article is based, click here.

From better risk visibility and faster claims processing to collectively fighting fraud, blockchain can provide comprehensive benefits across the insurance value chain. Blockchain implementation can enormously accelerate insurance transformation and steer the industry toward digital collaboration and interoperability. Permissioned blockchains deployed in insurance consortia yield comprehensive industry benefits across the value chain in three categories: (1) preventing fraud, (2) championing interoperability in multi-party processes and (3) facilitating consumer trust and ease of auditing through data transparency and immutability. Introduction Insurance is a multitrillion-dollar industry, but the workflow in brokering trust, insuring parties and reinsuring risk items today remains an expensive, slow and fraud-prone process. Although the digital age has inevitably brought about technological innovations, the centuries-old insurance industry seems to still be heavily drowning in paperwork and redundant manual procedures. Layered with the required collaboration from a multitude of parties needed to execute certain industry tasks like enforcing policies, processing claims, underwriting contract items or drawing up contracts, the insurance process remains far from transparent, coordinated or secure. Each new party engaged in a particular insurance transaction — be it insurer, reinsurer, broker, consumer or vendor — adds a compounding set of paperwork and potential for fraud, cyber attack, lost data, misinterpretation and human error. Challenges arise in verifying this data without breaching trust, so auditing is a widely used process to ensure consistency and accuracy. But even still, trust is at an all-time low, according to a recent Edelman industry poll. The current insurance industry landscape in a snapshot:

• The insurance industry is widely known to be slow in adopting technology and is behind digitally.
• Legacy systems have perpetuated a closed-off insurance information environment with data silos and resulting operational inefficiencies. These gaps of knowledge between insurance stakeholders are exploitable.
• In terms of fraud and fraud prevention spending, the numbers are unfortunately astronomical. In addition, human error also finds its place wherever manual entry and paperwork is involved.

The insurance industry epitomizes a blockchain use case. Adoption of blockchain as a standard system of industry transaction can improve collaboration between market participants and streamline market operations — freeing billions of dollars in capital otherwise spent on auditing and administrative costs, lost in fraud or frozen in collateral as a result of low risk visibility. A blockchain is a permanent and immutable ledger of transactional records distributed across a network of participants in a decentralized manner. This network can be unknown and completely decentralized (i.e. bitcoin), or known with permissioned access (consortium). Blockchain’s system of hashing a new transaction by cryptographically tying its metadata to previous transactions gives the ledger its immutable nature — where the entire history of transaction is transparent, available and indelible. Blockchain’s mechanism of arriving at consensus with no central authority allows for the decentralization of data — where no central party can control or manipulate information. This is attractive to many applications that interact with sensitive data; because there is no central authority, DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks are futile. Blockchain is typically well-suited for environments where transactional records must be time-stamped, immutable, trust-worthy, shared and readily available. These characteristics lead blockchain to be very desirable across the industry spectrum as:

• A trusted repository of accurate, transparent and updated data with comprehensive read/write access controls
• An effective measure against fraud, data manipulation and human data input error
• A champion of interoperability between data systems, thus an enabler of more efficient collaborative processes
• A facilitator of trust between parties that may have competing interests, different incentives or separate data compliance standards; a mechanism for cross-boundary and cross-industry collaboration on workflows; an eliminator of the need for intermediaries as a trusted central authority
• An efficient provider of quick and accurate auditing

Within the context of insurance, these features not found in traditional databases have great potential to effectively empower operational efficiency, trusted collaboration, transparency and fraud prevention. As a result, blockchain can help insurers and other insurance stakeholders reduce overhead spending, decrease margins and regain consumer trust. Blockchain can drive the insurance industry shift toward digitizing industry processes, encouraging cross-industry collaboration for visibility and compliance and collectively fighting fraud. Paired with additional emerging technologies such as IoT and smart sensors, blockchain can be a facilitator for increased automation in capturing and acting on claims data, analyzing risk more thoroughly and streamlining payment processing. Let's dive into some areas of impact: Reinsurance & underwriting Streamline Reinsurance and Underwriting Times In reinsurance, each risk in a contract requires individual underwriting — and in many cases, insurers engage with multiple reinsurance parties to secure the best negotiation for each contract item. Each institution has its own data system and standards — and these differences in process can lead to discrepancies in interpretation of the contract. Thus, currently, reinsurance and insurance institutions need to constantly engage in reconciling their books to ensure consistency in interpretation for each individual claim. In sum, the complexity of different data systems and consequent wrangling between multiple third parties to secure individual risk reinsurance leaves the reinsurance process slow, expensive and subject to misinterpretation. Blockchain technology should be leveraged in the reinsurance process to increase interoperability. With a shared digital ledger, no longer can there be the discrepancy in data format, process and standards that currently plague the industry. A permissioned blockchain ledger can be used to streamline communication, flow of information and data sharing between insurers and reinsurers as an available and trusted repository of contract information. This becomes a faster, more efficient and less-risky process as data related to loss records, asset ownership or transaction histories is recorded on a blockchain that is trusted to be authentic and up-to-date. Access to this information can be heavily permissioned with granular access controls, with exhaustive rules governing read and write capabilities per user. Reinsurers can query a blockchain to retrieve updated, real-time and trusted information rather than rely on a centralized insurance institution to report on data relevant to items (i.e. losses or transfer of ownership). This can massively expedite underwriting times. The risk transfer process is delicate: Insurers need to ensure they are appropriately rebalancing capital exposures against specific risks and be confident and calculated in offloading their contracts. The newfound visibility from participating in a permissioned blockchain ledger provides confidence and flexibility in moving capital to other areas of business, as well as a more accurate and expedited risk assessment. If blockchain is leveraged to provide more visibility into risk information, reinsurers can more accurately and confidently take on the calculated risk. Fraud Detection & Prevention The total cost of insurance fraud (non-health insurance) is estimated to be more than $40 billion per year. That means insurance fraud costs the average U.S. family between $400 and $700 per year in the form of increased premiums. The lack of interoperability within the insurance industry doesn’t just kill efficiency — it also hinders progress toward the digital collaboration required to identify patterns, trends and known actors in preventing fraud. These gaps in visibility leave consistent vulnerabilities for fraudulent activity, where brokers can pocket premiums, individuals can make multiple claims for the same loss or capital can illegally move offshore. The centralization of data within the four walls of each institution leaves little room for the industry to collectively fight these common insurance crimes. Blockchain implementation could support this needed coordination, while also providing granular access controls to ensure data security. As an immutable ledger decentralized among all parties in the insurance process, blockchain closes the paperwork gaps and bridges the data silos, allowing for fewer potential areas for exploitation. Blockchain within a consortium of insurance entities could facilitate the sharing of fraudulent claims for heightened visibility into known actors and for better preparedness. Blockchain provides validation and verification on an unalterable ledger, which can be leveraged for the identification of duplicate transactions, repeat actions by suspicious parties, fraudulent movement of funds across borders and more. Pairing this technology with machine learning would make an excellent fraud detection strategy. Blockchain can also be used as a ledger to track ownership of assets through digital certificates, and then be queried to validate their authenticity, ownership and provenance. This can reduce counterfeiting while also improving the efficiency of the entire claims management process. As a shared, transparent and decentralized ledger, blockchain will inevitably discourage future attempts at fraud, as the opportunity for exploitation is smaller and the potential for detection greater. Less fraud = higher margins = cheaper premiums for consumers. A win-win situation, indeed. Claims processing Improve Claims Processing for Property and Casualty Insurance Processing a claim in today’s insurance environment is a complex, multi-party task. To evaluate and process an insurance claim, insurers, regulators and third parties (like a private healthcare institution or an auto repair shop) need to coordinate and arrive at consensus across a host of data points. For example, a car accident between two drivers necessitates a loss assessment that assembles information from an asset database, weather statistics, credit reports, inspections providers, authorities report and other sources. Each driver’s insurance company likely collects and analyzes this data in an entirely different system and process. Because each entity has its own data standards and processing technique, the claims process typically involves significant manual data re-entry and duplication across the value chain. This not only increases needless redundancies and inefficiency, but also widens the opportunity for human error and even fraud. A distributed ledger can be used by insurers and third parties to digitally access and update data relevant to claims for a faster, more secure and less error-prone claims management process. Blockchain facilitates the interoperability needed for this level of collaboration without the associated risk of DDos attacks or falsified transactions. This level of visibility is not only advantageous for institutional efficiency and accuracy but also helps consumers firmly trust in the fairness of the claims process. Paired with streaming data sources, such as sensors, mobile phones or IoT technologies, blockchain can also help significantly streamline a claims submission, reduce settlement time and reduce loss adjuster costs. Adding to the auto wreck example above, an IoT sensor in one of the cars involved could automatically initiate a claim with the necessary reference data. A smart contract could automate coverage confirmation and consequent settlement payouts with programmable code — with essentially no human intervention along the entire payment process. While digital contracts like this exist already, the benefits of a blockchain-power smart contract lies in its transparency and credibility. Auditing & Trust Immutability for Efficient Auditing; Trust Auditors evaluate scores of ledgers — both online and offline — to reconcile reports and data spanning multiple locations and years. Needless to say, the process to ensure consistency and reliability in transactions and generate a compliance certification is lengthy and complicated. Digital signatures, sequences of events and actors of a particular transaction can be easily and efficiently audited if those events were to be recorded on a blockchain ledger. Institutions need to simply add access for an auditing party to their relevant permissioned blockchains. Blockchain immutability and finality guarantees the integrity of the entire transaction history, all in one place. Companies like Docsmore have announced pilot programs for recorded signatures on a blockchain. Identity Management Increase security and share-ability of identity information With recent, massive data breaches from some of the largest institutions over the past few years, improving the security of personal data — and thus customer trust — should be the forefront initiative for insurance institutions. Manual data entry — often repeated — should be replaced with a better, decentralized system with no single point of failure Blockchain is a perfect tool for sharing identity information while ensuring the privacy of consumers. Specifically, KYC (Know your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) laws require institutions onboarding new clients to go through expensive and comprehensive steps to ensure compliance with these laws. This is traditionally accomplished internally, with multiple ledgers resulting in multiple certified identity versions across the entire insurance network. However, blockchain technology could provide a secure, distributed ledger for network participants to engage in cross-institutional client verification for KYC/AML compliance. In addition, a simple query of the blockchain can reproduce an immutable history of identity data, making regular compliance checkups and monitoring for changes an easy and inexpensive process. Query permissions could be set in place to ensure that consumer privacy is protected and that access to information is appropriately handled. The distributed nature of the blockchain ledger is also attractive for storing sensitive data — like identify information — because it limits the viability of DDos attacks. This standardization in identity management would require collaboration from not only the insurance industry, but also governments, tax authorities, bureaus, banks and other financial corporations. However, the savings for all would be well worth the coordination. Asset Management Tracking assets along a supply chain As demonstrated comprehensively in our previous blog post, insurance fraud can be prevented when assets along a supply chain are verifiably tracked with blockchain finality. Auditing becomes a breeze, and risk provenance can be proven for better estimates, faster claims processing and a reduction in fraudulent underwriting. See also: Blockchain: the Next Big Wave?   Where FlureeDB fits in As an enabler of consortium blockchains, FlureeDB can provide a single source of truth for harmonized insurance data to be stored, queried and transacted with blockchain characteristics. Data-Centric —Most blockchains operate on the “business logic” tier, where enterprises still need to push data and metadata related to blockchain transactions to a static, centralized legacy system. FlureeDB brings blockchain to the data tier — allowing for an entire database to be distributed across its network. Network participants can query at will and know they have the full data set.

Modern Database Characteristics for Enterprises —FlureeDB is first and foremost a powerful database with familiar, SQL-like syntax. Any development team would be able to set up a blockchain database without having to learn a complex set of new skills. With modern database characteristics like ACID compliance, a RESTful API and a graph-style query structure, FlureeDB is optimized to meet traditional enterprise requirements.

Granular Permission Logic for Access Control —Because insurance information is stored in a decentralized manner as one record, granular and highly functional access/permission models are essential to protecting data security. FlureeDB uniquely builds permission information (both read and write) directly into application data at the most granular of levels. This simple and flexible approach to data accessibility lends itself perfectly to blockchain environments — where a distributed ledger is shared across third parties in a network. Companies using FlureeDB can even hand a customer or vendor a direct line of access to the database without needing to use multiple API endpoints — queries only return the information for which a particular user has explicit read access. Blockchain Immutability —FlureeDB builds every transaction into a block within an immutable, append-only blockchain. This allows for massive auditing savings. Holding a complete and indelible history of transactions also enables institutions to throw highly advanced analytical queries to return increased visibility into practices like fraud prevention measures, internal compliance validation checks or risk assessments. Time Travel —“Time travel” is enabled by the blockchain’s immutable history: Queries can be issued at any point in time, empowering an application to reproduce any instance of the database with no extra development effort. This capability strongly reduces waste in development time and allows for apps to “rewind” to any database state with ease. Composite Consensus —With varying relationships and diverse data, insurers need to partition information to be read by only the appropriate parties. FlureeDB allows data to be segmented onto multiple databases — both publicly and privately held — but join together to query as one set from an application point of view. This means a singular application dealing with insurers, reinsurers, third parties and consumers can keep private information out-of-sight, but still leverage blockchain without having to figure out multiple integrations. Conclusion Blockchain technology, its believers, its vendors and its growth in adoption won’t wipe out the $40 billion-plus fraud, nor will it “fix” the insurance industry in one fell swoop. Such silver bullet claims are overzealous. But blockchain does pose unique characteristics that should be included in the discussion for industry transformation. Blockchain — simply in its very existence — won’t disrupt anything unless it is leveraged by and collaborated on within the insurance industry and with its secondary players and its technological partners. Brokers shouldn’t be paralyzed by blockchain’s potential to disintermediate their industry, but should rather embrace and harness its value to drive costs down and remain competitive. The few entities that take the bold step forward to early adoption will be rewarded with consumer trust, lower margins and larger market share. Now is the time for industry leaders to drive a sweeping transformational agenda with digital collaboration as the key theme and blockchain as the key mechanism.

You know you have a great product or service. And you may have lots of facts and figures and benefits to back up why you're the best. But just throwing data at potential customers (even if it's truly impressive data) won't move them to buy. People don't respond to logic. They respond to emotion. That's why you'd better get good at storytelling—fast. Stories create emotion, and emotion is what people remember. Stories help you engage and, more importantly, teach your audience. If you don't tell a good story, your message will be lost in the media jungle. Google processes more than 3.8 million searches per minute. That's a lot of people looking for answers. This is happening because the way people buy has changed. People no longer respond to outbound tactics like spamming and cold calling. Instead, they research products and services and find what they're looking for on their own. The message for companies is clear: You must provide lots and lots of content that's engaging and persuasive enough to pull in readers and win their business. This is called inbound marketing, and it's the way businesses today "get found"—by helping, educating and entertaining prospects with valuable, relevant and consistent content. Content pulls customers through the four stages of HubSpot's Inbound Marketing Methodology: Attract, Convert, Close and Delight. In other words, you create and share content—through blog posts, emails, videos, case studies, guides, etc.—that attracts the right people to your site, converts them into leads, helps close them into customers and delights them so they'll become promoters of your brand. Your goal is to make a human connection, and storytelling is how you do this. It's about resonating with people who need your help and guidance. A well-crafted story helps you create contrast between choices. It helps prospects make sense of the decision they're about to make, whether it's deciding on a product or service or making a purchase. See also: To Shape the Future, Write Its History   Here are some tips for discovering the story you want to share with the world. First, know what your story is not. It's not data and assertions about ROI. It's not just your business's history. It's also not cliché, and it's not what everyone else is saying. Sure, you may think you provide the best customer service in your industry, but that's not your story. Storytelling is about standing out, not blending in. Focus on your why.  Ex-advertising executive and author Simon Sinek is known for his Golden Circle concept. The Golden Circle is all about starting with why. Sinek says most people communicate by starting with what they do and eventually work their way back to talk about how and why they do what they do. But unique and successful companies like Apple or Google communicate with an "inside-out" type of thinking. They start with the why and only then do they talk about the how and what portions of what they do. Know your characters.  All stories have characters. With content marketing, the people—or characters—are your readers. Good storytelling can't happen without valuing and understanding your audience and responding to their wants and needs. When potential customers can get the answers to their questions and see themselves as characters in your story, they'll be more likely to use your product or service and experience the happy ending you offer. Choose your point of view.  While keeping your buyer persona in mind, you should also determine the point of view your story will have. Will it be first person, second person or third person? There's no right or wrong option. It will depend on your buyer persona, the story you're trying to tell and the format of the story. In the first-person point of view, the character is you. When you say, "I saw this," or, "I learned that," you're speaking in the first person. This type of language is more confessional. It can help you establish a personal connection with the reader or build authority. Try using first person when there's a known person, an author, behind the content. This could work for a blog post, video or even an e-book if the author is noted. In the second-person point of view, the character is your audience. It's when you say things like, "You'll see," or, "You'll learn." When using "you" language, it's important to understand your buyer personas and know their pain points and goals. Tell the story in a way that shows empathy. The third person is the "he said/she said" type of language. Case studies about your customers are a good example of using the third-person point of view. These stories can be fictional or nonfictional. Present, and resolve, your conflict. Once you know who the characters are for your story, it's important to understand the conflict they face. If your story lacks conflict, you're probably not telling a story. Instead, you're telling a pitch, a tagline, a unique selling point or a plain statement. This approach won't resonate with your audience, and from a content marketing perspective it won't get you views, shares, conversions or customers. You need to understand the buyer's journey and the conflicts they might face at each stage. What problems are your buyer personas facing in the awareness stage? Those are the conflicts that should be in your story. Wistia is a good example. It is a brand that provides professional video hosting. Its purpose is to empower everybody to get more out of video, and all of its content and storytelling—which is done through funny, engaging educational videos along with blog posts, guides, help articles and webinars—circles back to this purpose. One blog post is titled "Improve Your Audio: How to Reduce Echo in Your Video." In this case, the reader's battle with echo is the conflict, and it's stated right there in the headline. The rest of the blog post explains how to resolve the conflict. Finally, get to the resolution.  Where there's conflict, your audience will naturally want some sort of resolution. It should wrap up the story but should also clearly call your audience to action. It should fulfill the story's purpose. For content marketing, a resolution could be next steps or even a call to action for more content. Either way, don't leave the audience hanging. Find a way to connect to your audience on an emotional level.  TOMS is a slip-on shoe company that focuses on spreading social good. Here is its powerful story: Everyone needs shoes, but not everyone has the money to pay for them. So, with each product you purchase, TOMS will donate a pair of shoes to a child in need. This strikes an emotional chord with their audience and compels them to buy. This is an example of how a shoe retailer created a much bigger story that makes their customers feel like they're changing the world by simply purchasing a pair of shoes. And they've sold more than 75 million pairs of shoes, which means they've also given over 75 million pairs of shoes to children in need. Find a way to infuse your story into every piece of content you create. Storytelling is the perfect way to help readers begin the journey from stranger to customer, and it can deepen your relationship with your existing clients. Remember, people want and need to feel connected. If you tell the right story, you can capture their attention, connect with them emotionally, and win their loyalty. Justin Champion is the author of "Inbound Content: A Step-by-Step Guide to Doing Content Marketing the Inbound Way," which can be ordered here. 

The 2018 hurricane season opened with the arrival of subtropical storm Alberto on the coast of Florida. Natural disasters such as these regularly imperil human lives and trillions of dollars of infrastructure. Although we can’t stop them, we can limit their financial repercussions through the development of more accurate predictions based on an updated approach to modeling catastrophic risk. The Flawed Assumption Stationarity is the name for the concept of data remaining unchanged—or stationary—over time. When applied to climate science, it refers to the assumption that the earth’s climate is not changing. The vast majority of climate scientists believe the stationarity assumption is incorrect, and any approaches based on this assumption are fundamentally flawed. Yet traditional catastrophic climate risk models are built on the assumption of stationarity. They project the future based on past statistics and the assumption of a static climate. Insurers actually use this approach with reasonable success for regional, national and international insurance policy portfolios. However, when stationarity is applied to risk analyses for specific structures or large commercial properties, the model breaks down. Localized Assets The problem is that risks to localized assets are not homogeneous across regions and properties. Localized predictions require data that accounts for the dynamics of the local environment. Those dynamics include not only a changing climate but human-engineered alterations, as well. Simply breaking ground for a new building affects potential flooding scenarios. To accurately assess and mitigate potential risk, developers, municipalities and insurance companies need models for the individual block and street and are not constrained by stationarity. Creating a dynamic model that collects and analyzes data with such localized resolution is not a simple matter of “downscaling” old methods. It requires a different strategy and discipline, with single-site analysis as a core objective. See also: Role of Big Data in Fighting Climate Risk   Risk Modeling Reimagined Incorporating natural and human-architected factors in a dynamic, integrated model is fundamental to an asset-focused solution that delivers accurate, actionable information. Such a solution requires comprehensive and current data, powerful big data analytics and a flexible design that can easily incorporate new modeling techniques as they become available. At Jupiter Intelligence, our solution is built on a cloud-based platform designed specifically for the rigors of climate analysis and links data, probabilistic and scenario-based models and advanced validation. ClimateScore runs multiple models based on a changing climate, such as weather research and forecasting. ClimateScore’s models are continuously fine-tuned using petabytes of constantly refreshed data from millions of ground-based and orbital sensors. Novel machine learning techniques reduce local biases of scientific simulations and help the system continually improve as new observations become available. Forgoing stationarity and adding the flexibility of a cloud model, current data from multiple sources and state-of-the-art analytics, machine learning and artificial intelligence technology produces asset-level predictions that are accurate from two hours to 50 years in the future. Case Study: Miami Understanding how developed Miami’s coast has become with localized data down to the individual block and street can help insurance companies, municipalities and developers assess the potential risk and determine cost-effective solutions. Engineering firms need this data to evaluate the potential effects of flooding at a particular site and simulate how effective individual coastal protection measures are in protecting properties and neighborhoods from flooding over the life of these structures. Public agencies also need this granularity to figure out how vulnerable their assets (ports, airports, transit, waste water treatment and drinking water facilities) are to a changing climate. Similarly, private entities want to assess exposed assets (substations, buildings, generators and data centers) and critical systems that may need to be redesigned to handle changing conditions. One critical condition to evaluate is the capacity of the electrical grid to handle peak demand during longer and more intense heat waves. See also: Low-Risk Doesn’t Mean No-Risk  New Risk-Transfer Mechanisms Stationarity-based catastrophic risk models were never intended to assess risks to specific assets. To mitigate asset-level risk, all aspects of the private sector, as well as government bodies at the international, national and local levels, must make informed decisions based on accurate, current, highly localized data. Property values, liability risk and lives are at stake. With dynamic models, current data and modern analytics, mitigating risk is feasible. This type of information resource also will support new risk transfer mechanisms, including private insurance—and help reform obsolete mitigation strategies. This article was originally published at Brink News, here.

There’s been plenty of discussion in all sorts of forums about how artificial intelligence (AI) could undermine jobs in many big industries. AI can certainly improve efficiency and productivity. The big benefit of this technology, however, is its ability to enhance the performance of workers. AI has huge potential to assist workers in all facets of the insurance industry. Underwriting, especially, offers great opportunities for workers and intelligent machines to collaborate.  Underwriters are having to contend with a multitude of new risks, many of them highly complex and unfamiliar. What’s more, underwriters must also manage an abundance of new data sources. These additional streams of data are certainly a boon for insurers. They can provide sophisticated insights, often in real time, into a wide variety of risks. Managing this deluge of information, however, is becoming increasingly challenging. Recent advances in AI can help underwriters manage their increasingly complex workloads as well as improve their decision-making. Our research shows that most insurers have been slow to apply AI to their underwriting processes. They still rely heavily on large teams of underwriting professionals. Unfortunately, many of these underwriters spend much of their time performing mundane tasks such as manually entering data into online applications. We found that most underwriters spend less than half their time processing core information. Furthermore, less than a quarter of their time is spent selling or engaging with brokers. See also: Innovation Imperatives in the Digital Age   AI can help underwriters work far smarter. It can free them to focus on high-value activities and help them make faster, more accurate decisions. Already around 33% of insurers are starting to systematically harness the data they receive from multiple sources. By using AI applications such as intelligent data solutions, these organizations could gather and organize structured and unstructured data from a wide range of internal and external sources. The data could then be aligned according to the requirements of the insurers’ underwriters so they could quickly assess its importance. About a quarter of the insurers we surveyed are implementing intelligent processes in their organizations. By applying such AI processes to their underwriting, these insurers could improve substantially the performance of key workers. Such applications could include:

• Using cognitive robotics to sort and address basic service requests from agents.
• Deploying intelligent agents to respond to queries from agents and customers and provide them with basic information.
• Introducing self-adjusting win-probability calculators that help underwriters prioritize their tasks.
• Employing smart anomaly-detection systems that identify changes in renewal requests that might require an underwriter’s attention.
• Applying an intelligent demand-analysis system to identify potential new products.

These applications are all likely to enhance an insurer’s underwriting capability. As the applications constantly learn and improve with experience, their contribution will increase substantially. See also: Cloud Takes a Starring Role   In my next blog post, I’ll discuss how insurers should prepare their workforces for the introduction of AI. Until then, take some time to look at these links below.

• Accenture Technology Vision for Insurance 2018
• Realizing the full value of AI
• Model behavior. Nothing artificial.

The case for omni-channel capabilities is compelling. We are in an age where customers have many options for communicating. And the companies that can best provide them with capabilities to connect anytime, anywhere, via any method will increasingly be the winners. A recent personal experience highlighted both the potential and the pitfalls of providing omni-channel capabilities. Offering a variety of options can lead to increased customer engagement and retention, but poor execution can have the opposite effect.

On a recent day, bad weather was causing havoc for airlines and travelers. In the space of a few hours, I had four different itineraries due to delayed, canceled and re-routed flights. As a frequent flyer, I regularly rely on automated alerts regarding flight status, extensively use the airline app and leverage the call center to address significant changes or problems. Along the way, I also get confirmations or alert messages via e-mail and check the flight boards at the airport. All of these are great options for the company and customer to communicate. When the system works well, it is quite useful and gives me a leg up on other travelers with advance notice on changes.

Unfortunately, it does not always work well. On this challenging day, the various channels were hopelessly out of sync. I was getting automated calls from the airline giving me flight updates for flights that I was no longer booked on. The airline app indicated that I was still booked on yet a different (earlier) flight. I received e-mails about flight changes that had already been superseded by new flight changes. It was confusing, to say the least, and a frustrating customer experience.

See also: A Management Guide to Omni-Channel

This example goes to show that near real-time synchronization is not always good enough. Actions do not need to be updated across all channels within seconds, but delays of 30, 60 or 120 minutes are unacceptable. You may be asking what this has to do with insurance, an industry that typically has interactions with customers only a few times a year. The answer is: If you are going to pursue true omni-channel operations, the system needs to work – and it needs to be real-time.

As the world becomes more digital and more connected, the frequency of interactions with customers will increase dramatically. Smart homes/buildings, wearable devices, connected vehicles and other rapidly emerging solutions offer great potential for the insurance industry. However, one implication is that the omni-channel environment will become even more complex, and the demands for real-time actions will increase. Imagine reacting to an alert from a smart home device regarding an overflowing sump pump. Not only is quick action required, it must also be synchronized with the homeowner’s app and any phone calls to or from agents or the insurer. Communicating frequently with customers to partner in risk management, improved health and well-being and financial management is the future of the industry. And those customers will want to communicate in every way imaginable (including talking to live human beings).

This is a cautionary tale. One can imagine the kinds of scenarios just described regarding travel delays if they were applied to insurance customers’ problems – and the same or similar negative effects that such disastrous communication could have on them. Omni-channel capabilities will have to be coordinated in context and in time to provide true customer satisfaction.